10 Major Difference between Public Sector & Private Sector

10 Major Difference between Public Sector & Private Sector
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Following are the comparison between private and public sector. 10 important difference between private and public sector are given below.

Let us study the major difference between Public Sector Vs Private Sector in the form of a summery:

Serial No.	Private Sector	Public Sector
01	On the managerial level:  The managers of private organizations see conflict as a negative sign, because it indicates that some members of the organization do not believe that the results of the strategic action are positive.	On the Managerial level:  The managers in the public sector conflict in a strategic decision has a positive component, since it shows that different stakeholders are participating in the process, thereby ensuring that the final decision will represent their interests, or at least take them into account.
02	The manager of a private organization prefer to adopt the theory of rational choice, in order to maximise the company’s shareholders’ wishes (Mort, Weerawardena & Carnegie, 2003).	The ultimate goal of a public manager is to maximise the collective value.
03	On the Employees Level:  On the other hand, private sector employees place higher a value on the economic rewards they receive (de Graaf & van der Wal, 2008).	On the Employees Level:  public sector employees place higher a value on carrying out tasks that are of use to society compared with their counterparts in the private sector
04	Accounting: In the private sector, financial managers and accountants are bound by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, methodology for accounting. This is a set of practices, such as the double-entry accounting method, used to ensure financial accuracy and uniformity.	Accounting:  In the public sector, these methods may also be used, but it is not that unusual to deviate from them, as well. This is seen in areas such as budgeting where public sector financial managers are not necessarily bound by accrual accounting methods.
05	Profit: In the private sector, financial managers are generally motivated by profit and pushed to maintain a bottom line or a minimum level of profitability.	Profit: On the other end of the spectrum are the financial managers in the public sector who do not necessarily have a bottom line to maintain. Instead, they may be task-oriented or driven by some other motivating force endemic to the specific type of work the organization is focused on daily.
06	Context: The profit-driven financial manager in the private sector will generally have the leeway to get done what needs to be done in order to maintain the bottom line.	Context: With public sector financial managers, various constraints may prevent the manager from acting with a great deal of autonomy.
07	Decisions:  In private sector financial management, decisions are generally made from the top and are filtered down through the hierarchy of the business as the financial manager hands off the orders or directions to those below him on the company food chain.	Decisions: In public sector management, it is not so simple. Public sector financial managers often have to work with political constituencies and navigate between competing interest groups. Important financial decisions are often rendered by creating coalitions and support.
08	Effects of Competition: Private-sector employees face higher vulnerability to market forces, including wage levels according to fluctuating market conditions. They must remain competitive in terms of skills and job performance so they won't be replaced.	Effects of Competition: Government employees must meet performance standards, too; but, as noted, it's harder to get rid of them.
09	Job Security: Private sector jobs are generally less stable and often based on contract.	Job Security: Government employees enjoy more job security in two respects. First, government jobs are generally more stable than private-sector jobs unless a government employer cuts jobs due to serious economic problems. Second, government jobs are often permanent appointments;
10	Benefits: Their is no such plan about health insurance, dental insurance and vacations for the employes in private sector. Also the salary offered to employes in private sectors are also less as compared to public sector employes.	Benefits: Government employees enjoy excellent benefits, including health insurance, dental insurance, vacation time, sick leave and other income security benefits. Benefits make a position valuable even if the salary offered is lower than a private-sector salary. Government employees more often get retirement benefits from their employer,

Indifference Curve explaining the concept of consumer’s equilibrium

Indifference Curve explaining the concept of consumer’s equilibrium
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

How Indifference Curve is used in explaining the concept of consumer’s equilibrium?
Let us discuss them:

Equilibrium of the consumer:
In order to explain the consumer’s equilibrium with the help of indifference curves, we make the following assumptions.
 
Assumptions of the Indifference Curve:

• The consumer purchases two commodities x and y for which he has various combinations. His scale of preferences for the various combinations of these two goods does not change in the analysis.
• The consumer has a fixed amount of money.
• The prices of two goods x and y in the market are given and constant.
• The goods are substitute of each other and divisible.
• The consumer acts rationally.

Equilibrium of the consumer:
The consumer will be in equilibrium position where the price line or income line is tangent to the indifference curve.

Equilibrium of the consumer with the help of a Diagram:

In this diagram there are three indifference curves, IC1, IC2,IC3.
AB is the price line or income line. Now P is the point where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to price line. This is consumer’s equilibrium point. Here he purchases OE of y commodity and OH of x commodity and getting maximum satisfaction.
No other point will yield maximum satisfaction. E.g. if consumer purchases at point T. at this point the consumer has to substitute PR amount of y commodity. To get RT amount of x commodity. But during this purchasing process he cannot go beyond AB line. so when he scarifies PR amount of ‘y’ he will get only “RS” of x commodity, so he will be a loser. Similarly indifference curve IC3 is beyond the reach of the consumer. So the consumer will be in equilibrium only at the point where IC2 is tangent to price line.

Introduction of Indifference Curve Approach

Introduction of Indifference Curve Approach
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 4

Indifference Curve:
 
Introduction of Indifference Curve:
The indifference curves approach was first introduced by Pareto and Later on it was developed by hicks and Allen. These economists are of the view that utility relates to the state of mind, so it is immeasurable cardinally. They based their theory on scale of preferences and the ordinal measurement of utility. According to these economists, a consumer simply ranks or orders his preferences.

Definition of Indifference Curve:
“An indifference curve is a locus of points or particular budgets or combinations of goods, each of which yields the same level of total utility, or to which the consumer is indifferent”.

Complexity of the Global Environment:

Complexity of the Global Environment:
Global strategic planning is more complex than such purely domestic planning.

There are at least five factors that contribute to this increase in complexity:

1. Global face multiple political, economic, legal, social and cultural environments as well as various rates of changes within each of them.
2. Interactions between the national and foreign environments are complex because of national sovereignty issues and widely differing economic and social conditions.
3. Geographic separation, cultural and national differences and variations in business practices all tend to make communication and control efforts between headquarters and the overseas affiliates difficult. This will also results in the Complexity of the Global Environment:
4. Global face extreme competition because of differences in industry structures.
5. Global are restricted i their selection of competitive strategies by various regional blocs and economic integrations.

At the Start Of Globalization

At the Start Of Globalization:
External and Internal assessments may be conducted before a firm enters global markets. External assessment involves careful examination of critical features of the global environment. Internal assessment involves identification of the basic strengths of a firm's operations.

• Internal Assessment
• External Assessment

Internal Assessment:

 Internal assessments involve identification on the basic strength of the firm's operation. These strength are particularly important in the global operation, because they are often the characteristics of a firm that the host nation values most and thus offer significant bargaining leverage.

Identification of the firms own strength:

• Managerial skills
• Capital
• Labor
• Raw Material

External Assessment:
External Assessment involves careful examination of critical features of the global environment, particular attention being paid to the status of the host nations in such areas as economic progress Matching host nation's opportunities with own strengths.

• Economic Progress
• Political Control
• Expansion of Industries
• Favorable Balance of Payment.

Limitations Of Law Of Equi Marginal Utility

Limitations Of Law Of Equi Marginal Utility
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Limitations of the Law of Equi marginal Utility

Limitations:
The Law of Equi - marginal utility is a mere statement of tendency. The actual expenditures of the consumer may not conform to this Law of Equi marginal Utility because of the following reasons.
Following are some imoportant Limitations of the Law of Equi marginal Utility:

1)  Careful Calculations:
This law of Equi marginal Utility involves very careful calculations of the expected satisfaction and its comparison with the amount of money spend on various goods. It also involves a careful calculation of the utility derived by spending the same amount in some other direction. In actual practice there is not much conscious calculation and careful weighing of utilities as much of our expenditure is governed by habits and customs.

2)  Rational Behavior Of Customer:
It can not be expected of the consumer to act rationally. Only in case of big expenditure a rational consumer goes through certain thinking and his expenditure may roughly conform to this principle. This Law of Equi marginal Utility however, does not apply in case of small purchases.

3)  Ignorance Of Consumer
Ignorance of the consumer imposes another limitation. The consumer may not be aware of the other useful alternatives. This makes this Law of Equi marginal Utility inoperative.

4)  Customs And Fashions:
Peoples are sometimes slaves of customs or fashions, and are incapable of rational consumption. They are thus deprived of having maximum utility.

5)  Budget Period:
Another limitation arises from the fact that there is no definite budget period in case of individual.

6)  Indivisibility Of Commodities:
Indivisibility of certain commodities also makes the operation of this Law of Equi marginal Utility difficult.

7)  This principle is based on the ordinal measurement of utility and the constancy of the marginal utility of the money. These assumptions have been discarded by modern economists.

Globalization Of The Company Mission:

Globalization of the company Mission:

Few strategic decisions bring about a more radical departure from the existing direction and operations of a firm than the decision to expand globally. Globalization subjects a firm to a radically different set of environmentally determined opportunities, constraints and risks. To prevent these external factors from dictating the firm's direction, top management must reassess the firm's fundamental purpose, philosophy and strategic intentions before globalization in order to ensure their continuation as decision criteria in proactive planning.

Components Of The Company Mission.

What are the Components of the company Mission.

There are commonly six most popular Components of the company Mission.
Let us discuss them one by one:

1) Basic product or Services, Primary Market:
What is our basic product or service, mission should give a hint about product or services. Mission should also tell us in which market we want to sell our product or service.

2) Principal Technology:
Mission should tell us about what type of principal technology is being used for production rendering of services by organization.
Three indispensable components of the mission statements are specification of the basic product or services specification of the primary market and specification of the principal technology for production or delivery.

3) Company Goals:
Three economic goals guide the strategic direction of almost every business organization. Whether or not the mission statement explicitly states these goals, it reflects the firms intention to secure survival through growth and profitability.
There are three main types of company goals.

• Survival
• Growth
• Profitability

• Survival

A firm that is unable to survive will be incapable of satisfying the aims of any of its stakeholders. Unfortunately the goal of survival like the goals of growth and profitability, often is taken for granted to such extent that is neglected as a principal criterion strategic decision making.

• Growth

A firms growth is tied inextricably to its survival and profitability. In this context, the meaning of growth must be broadly defined. Although product impact market studies have shown that growth in market share is correlated with profitability other important forms of growth do exist.

• Profitability:

Profitability is the mainstay goal of a business organization. No matter how profit is measured or defined, profit over the long term is the clearest indication of firms ability to satisfy the principal claims and desires of employees and stakeholders.

4) Company Philosophy:
Basic beliefs and values. The statement of company philosophy often called the company creed, usually accompanies or appears within the mission statement. It reflects or specifies the basic beliefs, values, aspirations and philosophical priories to which strategic decision makers are committed in managing the company. Fortunately the philosophy varies little from one firm to another.

5) Public Image:
Both present and potential customers attribute certain qualities to particular business. And Johnson & Johnson make safe product, cross pen makes high quality writing instruments. On the other hand a negative public image often permits firms reemphasize the beneficial aspects of their mission.

6) Company Self Concept:
A major determinant of a firm's success is the extent to which the firm can relate functionally to its external environment. To achieve its proper place in a competitive situation firm realistically must evaluate its competitive strengths and weaknesses. This idea the firm must know itself is the essence of the company self concept. Both individuals and firms have crucial need to know themselves.

Firms Competitive Strategies In Foreign Markets.

Competitive strategies for firms in foreign Markets.
Competitive Strategies for firms that are attempting to move toward globalization can be categorized by degree of complexity of each foreign market being considered and by the diversity in a company product line.

Niche Market Exporting:
The primary niche market approach for the company that wants to export is to modify select product performance or measurement characteristics to meet special foreign demands. Combining product criteria from the both the U.S. and the foreign markets can be slow and tedious.
There are however a number of expansion techniques and Competitive Strategies that provide the US firm with the know how to exploit opportunities in the new environment.
For example copying product innovations in countries where patent protection is not emphasized and utilizing no equity contractual agreements with a foreign partner can assist in rapid product innovation.
Joint venture:
As the multinational Competitive strategies of US firms nature, most will include some from of joint venture with a target nation firms, AT&T followed this option in its strategy to produce its own personal computer by entering into several joint ventures with European producers to acquire the required technology and position itself for European expansion.

• Pool of Capital
• Patent
• Trade mark
• Management
• Production on Marketing Equipment.

Foreign Branch:
This is also include in Competitive Strategies of a firms. A foreign branch is an extension of the company in its foreign market a separately located strategic business unit directly responsible for fulfilling the operational duties assigned to it by corporate management. including sales customers services and physical distribution.

Licensing/ Contract Manufacturing:
When a firm has right to start a specific business and a company sign a contract of manufacturing that product or a service in a foreign national market is called licensing.
Two major problems exist with licensing. One is the possibility that the foreign partner will gain the experience and evolve into major competitors after the contract expires. The experience of the some US electronics firms with Japanese companies shows that licensing gain the potential to become powerful rivals. The other potential problem stems from the control that the licensor forfeits on production, marketing and general distribution of its products.

Franchising:
Outlet controlled by the head office. A special form of licensing is franchising which allow the franchise to all a highly publicized product or services using the parent's brand name or trade mark carefully producers and marketing strategies.

Wholly owned Subsidiaries:
Parent company and Daughter company it require lot of investment parent company do to gain control and management efficiencies.
Wholly owned subsidiaries are considered by companies that are willing and able to make up the highest investment commitment to he foreign market. These companies insist on full ownership for reasons of control and managerial efficiency. Policy decision about local product lines, expansion, profits and dividends typically remain with the U.S senior managers.

Long Term Objectives Formulation

Long Term Objectives Formulation
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Formulating Long Term Objective.

Introduction Of Long term Objective.

Long term objectives means end results which a company wants to achieve over a long period of time.

Formulation of a long term objectives:
Formulating long term objectives is basically deciding that where we want to see our company in next 5 - years or 7 years or 10 - years.

Achievement of a Long term Objectives:
To achieve long term objective strategic planners commonly establish long term objectives in seven areas.

1) Profitability:
The ability of any firm to operate in the long run depends on attaining an acceptable level of profit.

2) Productivity:
Strategic managers constantly try to increase the productivity of their systems. firms that can improve their input and output relationship normally increase profitability.

3) Competitive position:
one measure of corporate success in relative dominance in the market place. large firms commonly establish Long term objectives in terms of competitive position often using total sales or market shares as measures of their competitive position.

4) Employees Development:
Employees value education and training in part because they lead to increase compensation and job security. providing such opportunities often increase productivity and decrease turnover. Therefore strategic decision makers frequently include employees development objectives in their run plans.

5) Employee relation:
Whether or not they are bound by union contract, firms activity seek good employee relationship. in fact proactive steps in anticipation of employee need and expectations are characteristic of strategic managers.

6) Technological Leadership:
Firms must decide whether to lead or follow in the market place. Either approach can be successful but each can requires a different strategic posture. Therefore many firms state objective with regard to technological leadership.

7) Public Responsibility:
Managers recognize their responsibilities to their customers and to society at large. Many firms seek to exceed government requirements.

Practical Importance Of The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

Practical Importance Of The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility:
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Practical importance of the law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

Importance of the law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility
The law of diminishing marginal utility has great practical importance in economics.

Let us explain the importance of the law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

1) The law of Marginal Utility and the Law of Demand:
The law of Marginal Utility and the Law of Demand are closely related with each other. The law of diminishing marginal utility is the base of the law of demand. According to law of diminishing marginal utility, the more we have of a good, the less we want additional increment of it. So as a person gets more and more of a particular commodity, the marginal utility of the successive unit begins to diminish. So every consumer while buying a particular commodity compares the marginal utility of a commodity and the price of the commodity that he has to pay. If the marginal utility is higher than the price, he purchases the commodity. As he buys more and more, the marginal utility begins to diminish. Then he pays fewer amounts for the successive units. So it is clear that the law of diminishing marginal utility and the law of demand are closely related.

2) Consumer Surplus:
The theory of consumer surplus is also based on this law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. A consumer while purchasing the commodity compares the utility of the commodity with that of price which he has to pay. In most of the cases he will to pay more than what he actually pays. The excess of the price which he would be willing to pay rather than to go with out the thing over that which he actually does pay is the economic measure of this surplus satisfaction.

3) Distribution of Expenditure:
A consumer in order to get the maximum satisfaction from his scarce income, distributes his income on goods and services in such a way that the marginal utility from all the uses are the same. Here, again the concept of marginal utility helps the consumer in arranging his scale of preferences for the commodities.

4) System of Taxation:
The law of diminishing marginal utility also helps in making of a tax policy. A finance minister knowing this fact that the marginal utility of money to a rich man is low and a poor man high, basis the system of taxation in such a way that rich persons are taxed at a progressive rate. The system of modern taxation, is therefore, based on the law of diminishing marginal utility.

Assumptions and Limitations of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

Assumptions and Limitations of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility:
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Assumptions and Limitations of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility:
Here we briefly study the Assumptions and Limitations of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.

Let us discuss them one by one.

Assumption of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

This law of diminishing marginal utility will be true under the following Assumptions:

1) Consumption to be continuous:
It is assumed that the consumption of commodity should be continuous. If there is interval between the consumption of the same two units of the commodity, the law of diminishing marginal utility may not hold good.

2) Reasonable units:
The 2nd assumption of the law of diminishing marginal utility is that the commodity consumed is taken as suitable and reasonable units. If units are too small, then the marginal utility instead of falling may increase up to a few minutes.

3) Character of the consumer does not change:
The law of diminishing marginal utility holds true if there is no change in the character of the consumer. For example a consumer develops a taste for tea; the additional units of tea may increase the marginal utility to an addict.

4) No change in Fashion or Taste:
If there is a sudden change in fashion, custom, or taste of a consumer, it can make the law of diminishing marginal utility inoperative.

5) Change of Income:
If there is a change in the income of the consumer, the law may not operate.

Limitations of the law of Diminishing Marginal utility:

Following are some limitations of the law of Diminishing marginal utility.

1) Knowledge:
The desire to acquire knowledge increase as a person gets the education.

2) Wealth:
The law of diminishing marginal utility does not affect the stock of wealth, because a person who has a large amount of wealth, his desire to have more wealth increases as the stock of wealth increases.

Presentataion Of The Law of diminishing marginal utility

Presentataion Of The Law of diminishing marginal utility
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility:

Explanation of the Law of diminishing marginal utility with the help of Schedule and Diagram.

Introduction of the Law of diminishing marginal utility:
The concept of diminishing marginal utility was introduced in 1871. It is a common experience of every consumer that as utility goes on diminishing. This tendency on the part of marginal utility to diminish with every increase in the stock of a commodity is called the law of diminishing marginal utility.

Statement of the Law of diminishing marginal utility:
Marshall has stated this law as,

"The additional benefit which a person derives from an increase of his stock of a commodity diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has".

Explanation of the Law of diminishing marginal utility
We explain the law of diminishing marginal utility by a very simple example. Suppose a man is very thirsty. He starts drinking glasses of water. The first glass of water gives him greater utility. When he takes 2nd glass of water, the utility will be less than the 1st glass. It is because the edge of his thirst has been blunted. If he drinks 3rd glass of water, the utility of the 3rd glass will be less than that of 2nd and so on..
The utility goes on diminishing with the consumption of every successive glass of water till it drops down to zero. If the consumer is forced to take a glass of water, the utility will become negative.

Explanation of the Law of diminishing marginal utility with the help of Schedule.

Table:

Units	Total Utility	Marginal Utility
1st Glass	06	6
2nd Glass	10	4
3rd Glass	12	2
4th Glass	12	0
5th Glass	10	-2
6th Glass	06	-4

From the table it is clear that in a given period of time, the first glass of water to a thirsty man gives 6 units of utility. When he takes 2nd glass of water, the marginal utility goes down to 4 units. When he consumed 4th glass of water the marginal utility drops down to zero and it the consumption if water is forced further from this point, the utility change into dis utility.

Explanation of the Law of diminishing marginal utility with the help of Diagram:

Diagram:

In this diagram we measure MU along with OY and units of commodity along with ox. The utility of 1st glass of water is 6 units, the utility of 2nd glass of water is 4 and so on. The fourth glass yields zero utility and 5th and 6th glass yields negative utility. MU is the marginal utility curve which has a left to right downward trend and shows that as consumer consumes the successive units of a commodity, MU diminishes with the addition of every unit.

What are the Qualities Of Long Term Objectives

Qualities Of Long Term Objectives
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Qualities of a Long Term Objectives:

Qualities of Long Term Objectives:

Seven criteria that should be used in preparing long term objectives are:
1) Acceptable:
Acceptability is one of the most important quality of Long term objectives.Managers are most likely to pursue objectives that are consistent with their preferences.

2) Flexible:
Long term Objectives should be adaptable to unforeseen or extraordinary changes in the firm's competitive or environmental forecasts.

3) Measurable:
Long term objectives must clearly and concrete state what will be achieved and when it will be achieved..

4) Motivating:
Studies have shown that people are most productive while objectives are set at a motivating level-one high enough to challenge but not so high as to frustrate or so low to be easily attained.

5) Suitable:
Long term Objectives must be suited to the broad aims of the firm, which are expressed in its mission statement.

6) Understandable:
Strategic managers at all levels must understand what is to achieved.

7) Achievable:
Finally Long term Objectives must be possible to achieve.

Types of Generic Strategy

Types of Generic Strategy
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Types of Generic Strategy

There are three types of Generic Strategy

1) Striving for overall low cost leadership in the industry

2) Differentiation --> change in your strategy in every year is flexible.

3) Focus in low cost + differentiation --> combination of above two points.

What is Generic Strategy?

Generic Strategy
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Generic Strategy:

Introduction of Generic strategy:

Generic Strategy means core strategy. many planning experts believe that the general philosophy of doing business declared by the firm in the mission statement must be translated into a holistic statement of the firms strategic orientation before it can be further defined in terms of a specific long term strategy.

In other words a long term grand strategy must be based on a core idea about how the firm can best compete in the market place the popular term for this core idea is generic strategy.

Definition Of The balance score card

Definition Of The balance score card:

Introduction to The balance score card:

The balance scorecard is a set of measures that are directly linked to the company's strategy. The balance scorecard allows managers to evaluate the company from four perspectives: financial performance, customer knowledge, internal business processes, learning and growth.

Definition of The balance scorecard.

By "Robert S-kaplan and David"

i) it is a set of measure or factors that are directly linked to company strategies.

2) it directs company to like its strategy with long term goals.

3) it allows managers to evaluate a company from four prospective.

• financial performance
• customers knowledge
• internal business process (Operation activity)
• learning and Growth

Grand Strategies / Growth strategies

Grand Strategies / Growth strategies
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Grand Strategies/ growth strategies:

Introduction of Grand Strategies/ growth strategies:

While the need for firms to develop generic strategies remains an unresolved debate, designers of planing system agree about the critical role of grand strategies. Grand strategies often called masts or business strategies provide basic direction for strategic action.

Definition of Grand Strategies / Growth strategies:

Grand strategies indicate the time period have we which long range objectives are to be achieved. Thus a grand strategy can be defined as compressive general approach that guides firm's major actions.

Types of Grand Strategies

Types of Grand Strategies
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

Types of Grand Strategies.
There are major 13 important grand strategies/ Generic strategies which are as under.

1. Concentrated Growth:

This is the most important grand strategy. All resources used for growth of a single product in a single market with a single dominated technology. Many of the firms fell victim to merger mania were once mistakenly convinced that the best way to achieve their objective was to pursue unrelated diversification in the search for financial opportunities and synergy.
Market analysis shows that the decline is fueled by negative environmental publicity, perceptions of poor customers services and concern about the price versus value of the company services given the wide array of do it yourself alternative.

2) Market Development:
offering existing products to new customers with slight change. Market development commonly ranks second only to concentration as the least costly and least risky of grand strategies. It consist of marketing present products, often with only cosmetic modification, to customers in related market areas by adding channels of distribution or by changing the content of advertising or promotion.

3) Product Development:
This strategy focus of modification in existing products, development of new product. Product development involves the substantial modification of existing products or the creation of new but related products that can marketed to current customer through established channels.
The product development strategy is based on the penetration of existing markets by incorporating product modifications into existing items or by developing a new product with a clear connection to the existing lines.This is also included in grand strategy.
4) Innovation:
This strategy focus on begining new solutions to the customer problems and totally new product development. In many industries it has become increasingly risky to innovate. Both customer and industrial market have come to expect periodic changes and improvements in the products offered.
5) Horizontal Integration.
Another important type of grand strategy involve horizontal integration. Acquiring one or more firms doing similar business. when firms ling term strategy is based on growth through the acquisition of one or more similar firms operating at the same stage of the production marketing chain its grand strategy is called horizontal integration.

6) Vertical integration:
Acquire firms that supply it with inputs or are customers for its outputs. when firms grand strategy is to acquire firms that supply it with inputs such a raw material or are customer for its outputs such as warehouses for finished products vertical integration is involved. The rason for choosing a vertical strategy are more varied and sometimes less obvious.

7) Concentric Diversification:
Involves the opposition acquisition of business that are related to the acquiring firms in terms of technology, markets or products. Grand strategy involving diversification represent distinctive departure from a firms existing base of operations typically the acquisition or internal generation of a separate business.

8) Conglomerate Diversification:
Occasionally a firm practically a vary large one plans to acquire a business because it represents the most promising investment opportunity available.
Difference between two types of diversification is that concentric diversification emphasize some commodities in market, product or technology whereas conglomerated diversification is based principally on profit consideration.

9) Turn Around:
It is basically retrenchment it is used firm's survival.
i) Cost reduction ii) Asset Reduction.

i) Cost reduction:
Example includes decreasing the workforce through employee attrition leasing rather then purchasing equipment, extending the life of machinery, etc.

ii) Asset Reduction:
Example include the sale of land, building and equipment not essential to basic activity of the firm and elimination of the "perks". Such as company's airplane etc.

10) Divestiture strategy:

A divestiture strategy involves the sale of firms or a major component of it. The reasons for divestiture vary. They often arise because of partial mismatches between the acquired firm and parent corporation. A second reason is corporate financial needs.

11) Liquidation Strategy:
In liquidation a firm sold out its tangible assets. When liquidation is the grand strategy firm typically is sold in parts only occasionally as a whole but for its tangible assets value and not as a going concern.
12) Bankruptcy:
Business failure are playing an increasingly important role in the economy. In an average week more then 300companies fail. More then 75% of these financially desperate firms file for a liquidation bankruptcy the agree to a complete distribution of their assets to creditors most of whom receive a small fraction of the amount they are owed.
13) Corporate Combinations.
The 15 grand strategies discussed above used singly and much more often in combinations represent the traditional alternatives used by firms in united state.

Three newly Popularized grand Strategies

Three newly Popularized grand Strategies
Reviewed by Hammad Naziron Apr 01 2013
Rating: 5

There are three newly Popularized Grand Strategies. These three newly popularized grand strategies are:

• Joint venture
• Strategic Alliances
• Consortia

1. Joint venture:

joint venture is newly popularized grand strategy. Occasionally two or more capable firms lack necessary component for success in a particular competitive environment. As the multinational strategies of U.S firms nature, most will include some from of joint venture with a target nation firms. AT & T followed this option in its strategy to produce its own personal computer by entering into several joint ventures with European producers to acquire the required technology and position itself for European expansion.

• Pool of capital
• Patent
• Trade Mark
• Management
• Production on Marketing Equipment.

2. Strategic Alliances

Strategic Alliances are distinguished from join ventures because the companies involved do not take and equity position in one another. In many instances strategic alliances are partnerships that exist for a defined period during which partners contribute their skills and expertise to a cooperative projects.

3. Consortia, Keiretsus and Chaebols.

Consortia are defined as large interlocking relationships between businesses of an industry. In Japan such consortia are known as keiretsus in South Korea as Chaebols.